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Chionodraco rastrospinosus
The ocellated icefish (''Chionodraco rastrospinosus'') is a fish of the family Channichthyidae.〔 It lives in the cold waters off Antarctica and is known for having transparent haemoglobin-free blood.〔
''C. rastrospinosus'' live in the Southern Ocean up to a depth of 1 km. They grow up to and average . The adults feed on krill and other fish.〔
Larvae are 17 mm long when they hatch, and grow by about 2 mm a week. The larval stage lasts for up to 18 months during which they feed mainly on krill. They become sexually mature at four years, and normally live up to about eight years, but sometimes as long as twelve. In the Antarctic autumn, adult ''C. rastrospinosus'' migrate to shallow waters to spawn at a depth of 200–300 m. The eggs are scattered and hatch six months later around April.
==Blood colour==
Haemoglobin gives oxygenated blood its red colour. Unlike other vertebrates, fish of the Antarctic icefish family (Channichthyidae) do not use haemoglobin to transport oxygen around their bodies; instead, the small amount of oxygen that simply dissolves in blood plasma is utilized.〔 In 2011 Tokyo Sea Life Park claimed that ''C. rastrospinosus'' has totally transparent blood "like clear water", after dissecting a specimen.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.tokyo-zoo.net/topic/topics_detail?kind=news&link_num=19712 )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130405-japan-aquarium-shows-mysterious-clear-blood-fish )〕 In 1954, Ruud noted that ''Chaenocephalus aceratus'', another member of this family, had almost transparent blood, in contrast to the yellowish blood of other members. ''C. aceratus'' and ''C. rastrospinosus'' both fail to express the major adult α-globin, α1, due to the same 5' truncation of the gene, and have lost the β-globin gene entirely. Zhao ''et al.'' propose that an ancestral channichthyid fish lost expression of both genes through a single mutation.〔 Antarctic icefish also have very few erythrocytes. It is believed they benefit from loss of reliance on haemoglobin-containing erythrocytes for oxygen transport by having less viscous, more easily pumped blood.〔 They compensate for this loss by having lower metabolic rates, larger gills, scaleless skin that can contribute more to gas exchange, wider capillaries and significantly increased blood volume and cardiac output.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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